Bibliography
Most of my work deals with automated theorem proving, in particular techniques developed for and realised in the theorem prover E.
I am particularly interested in finding out more about good proof search heuristics, and I work towards the automatic acquistion of search control knowledge for deductive systems. Thus, much of my research has to do with (deductive) reasoning and with (inductive) machine learning. Another aspect of my work is the efficient implementation of reasoning mechanisms.
Publications are listed in chronological order, but the list is probably somewhat incomplete. I'm working on it.
Authored Publications
- Schulz, S.: Analyse und Transformation von
Gleichheitsbeweisen, Projektarbeit, Fachbereich
Informatik, Universität Kaiserslautern, 1993
- An abstract is available in English language.
- The full report (247 Kbytes gzipped PostScript) is only available in German. Most of the topics covered here are revisited in the SEKI-Report below, although there is a slightly different focus.
- BibTeX Entry
- Denzinger, J. ; Schulz, S.: Analysis and Representation of
Equational Proofs Generated by a Distributed Completion Based
Proof System, SEKI-Report SR-94-05, Universiät Kaiserslautern, 1994
- Abstract
- Download full report (253 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Denzinger,J. ; Schulz, S.: Recording, Analyzing and
Presenting Distributed Deduction Processes,
Proc. PASCO'94, Linz, 1994, pp. 114-123.
- Abstract
- The full paper (100 Kbytes gzipped PostScript format)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: Explanation Based Learning for Distributed
Equational Deduction, Diplomarbeit, Fachbereich
Informatik, Universität Kaiserslautern, 1995
- The full thesis (261 Kbytes gzipped PostScript) and the Errata
- BibTeX Entry
- Denzinger,J. ; Schulz, S.: Recording and Analysing
Knowledge-Based Distributed Deduction Processes (preliminary
version). The final version has appeared in the
Journal of Symbolic Computation 21:523-541, 1996. This
is an expanded and revised version of the previous work on the
list.
- Abstract
- The full paper (67 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schramm, M.; Schulz, S.: Combining Propositional
Logic with Maximum Entropy Reasoning on Probability
Models, Proc. of the ECAI'96 Workshop on Integrating
Nonmonotonicity into Automated Reasoning Systems,
Budapest, 1996. This paper is the odd one out. It is the
result of work done for the European EPRIT Project
9119 MIX. The system
described in the paper has mutated into the full blown
probabilistic expert
system PIT, with
which I am still loosely associated.
- Abstract
- The full paper (48 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Denzinger,J. ; Schulz, S.: Learning Domain Knowledge to
Improve Theorem Proving, Proc. CADE-13, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA 1996, pp. 62-76.
- Abstract
- The full paper (62 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Denzinger,J. ; Kronburg, M; Schulz, S.:
DISCOUNT: A Distributed and Learning Prover
(preliminary version). The final version has appeared in the
Journal of Automated Reasoning 18 (Special Edition on
the CADE-13 ATP System Competition):189-198 in 1997. The paper
describes the two versions of DISCOUNT participating in
the CASC-13
theorem proving competition.
- Abstract.
- The full paper (66 Kbytes gzipped PostScript).
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.; Küchler, A.; Goller, C.: Some Experiments on
the Applicability of Folding Architecture Networks to Guide
Theorem Proving. Proc. 10th International FLAIRS
Conference, Daytona Beach, FL, USA, 1997, pp. 377-381.
- Abstract
- Full paper (71 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: Term Space Mapping for
DISCOUNT. Proceedings of the CADE-15 Workshop on Using
AI methods in Deduction, Lindau, Germany, 1998
- Abstract
- Full paper (63 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.; Brandt, F.: Using Term Space Maps to Capture
Search Control Knowledge in Equational Theorem
Proving. Proc. 12th International FLAIRS Conference,
Orlando, FL, USA, 1999, pp. 244-248.
- Abstract
- Full paper (550 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: System Abstract:
E 0.3, Proc. CADE-16, Trento, Italy, 1999,
pp. 297-301, LNAI 1632,
© Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (43 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Denzinger, J.; Fuchs, M.; Goller, C.; Schulz, S.: Learning
from Previous Proof Experience: A Survey. AR-Report
AR99-4, Fakultät für Informatik, Technische
Universität München, 1999. This survey describes the
current state of the art for learning theorem provers.
- Abstract
- Full paper (187 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: Learning Search Control Knowledge for Equational Deduction. Ph.D. Thesis, accepted by the Fakultät für Informatik of the Technische Universität München in February 2000. The printed version has appeared as number 230 in the DISKI series of infix. The publisher has generously agreed to let me offer an electronic version of the thesis on the web.
- Denzinger, J; Schulz, S.: Automatic Acquisition of Search
Control Knowledge from Multiple Proof
Attempts. Journal of Information and Computation
162:59-79, 2000. This is an expanded and revised version of
Learning Domain Knowledge to Improve Theorem Proving
above.
- Abstract
- Full paper (63 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: Information-Based Selection of Abstraction
Levels. Proc. 14th International FLAIRS
Conference, Key West, FL, USA, 2001, pp. 402--406.
- Abstract
- Full paper (472 Kbytes gzipped PostScript or 111 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Draeger, J.; Schulz, S.: Improving the Performance of
Automated Theorem Provers by Redundancy-free
Lemmatization. Proc. 14th International FLAIRS
Conference, Key West, FL, USA, 2001, pp. 345--349.
- Abstract
- Full paper (487 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: System Abstract:
E 0.61, Proc. 1st IJCAR, Siena, Italy, 2001,
pp. 370-375, LNAI 2083,
© Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (44 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: Learning Search
Control Knowledge for Equational Theorem Proving, Proc. of the
Joint German/Austrian Conference on Artificial Intelligence
(KI-2001), Vienna, Austria, 2001, pp.320-334,
pp. 370-375, LNAI 2174,
© Springer Verlag.
- Abstract.
- The full paper (74 Kbytes gzipped PostScript).
- BibTeX Entry
- Löchner, B.;Schulz, S.: An
Evaluation of Shared Rewriting, Proc. of the
2nd
International Workshop on the Implementation of Logics, Havana,
Cuba, 2001, pp.33-48. See below.
- Abstract
- The full paper (106 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: A Comparison of
Different Techniques for Grounding Near-Propositional CNF
Formulae. Proc. 15th International FLAIRS Conference,
Pensacola, FL, USA, 2001, pp. 72--76. This paper received the
best paper award at the
2002
FLAIRS conference. There is
a separate
page with the experimental data and
the eground version used.
- Abstract
- Full paper (36 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.; Sutcliffe, G: System
Description: GrAnDe 1.0, Proc. CADE-18, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002,
pp. 280-284, LNAI
2392, © Springer Verlag.
- My co-author considered this to be too short for an abstract ;-)
- The full paper (45 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: E -- A Brainiac
Theorem Prover. Journal of AI communications
15(2/3):111-126, 2002.
- Abstract.
- Full paper (367 Kbytes gzipped PostScript or 251 KBytes PDF)
- Several minor errors have been fixed in this version.
- BibTeX Entry
- Sutcliffe, G.; Zimmer, J; Schulz,
S.: Communication Formalisms for Automated Theorem Proving
Tools. Proc. of the IJCAI-18 Workshop on Agents and
Automated Reasoning, Acapulco, Mexico, 2003, pp. 53-58.
- Abstract
- Full paper (59 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Sutcliffe, G.; Zimmer, J; Schulz, S.:
TSTP Data-Exchange Formats for Automated Theorem Proving
Tools. In V. Sorge and W. Zhang (eds.): Distributed
and Multi-Agent Reasoning. IOS Press series on
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications,
2004.
- Abstract
- Full paper (73 KBytes gzipped PostScript or 116 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: System
Abstract: E 0.81, Proc. 2nd IJCAR, Cork,
Ireland, 2004,
pp. 223-228, LNAI
3097, © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (104 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Schulz, S.: Simple
and Efficient Clause Subsumption with Feature Vector
Indexing, Proc. of the
IJCAR-2004 Workshop
on Empirically Successful First-Order Theorem Proving,
Cork, Ireland.
- Abstract
- The full paper (225 Kbytes gzipped PostScript or 1004 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry.
- Detailed experimental data
- Schulz, S.; Bonacina, M.P.: On
Handling Distinct Objects in the Superposition Calculus,
Proc. of
the 5th
International Workshop on the
Implementation of Logics, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Abstract
- The full paper (169 KBytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- M. Bozzano and R. Bruttomesso and
A. Cimatti and T. Junttila and P. van Rossum and S. Schulz and
R. Sebastiani: MathSAT: Tight Integration of SAT and
Mathematical Decision Procedures, Journal of Automated
Reasoning 35(1-3), 2005, pp. 265--293.
- Abstract
- The full paper (473 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Geoff Sutcliffe, Stephan Schulz,
Koen Claessen and Allen Van Gelder: Using the
TPTP Language for Writing Derivations and Finite
Interpretations, Proceedings of the 3rd IJCAR,
Seattle, 2006,
pp. 67-81, LNAI
4130, © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (169 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Alessandro Armando, Maria Paola
Bonacina, Silvio Ranise and Stephan Schulz: New
Results on Rewrite-Based Satisfiability
Procedures, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 10(1)
- Abstract.
- The full paper (453 KBytes PDF preprint).
- BibTeX Entry.
- Geoff Sutcliffe, Stephan Schulz,
Koen Claessen and Peter Baumgartner: The TPTP Typed
First-order Form with Arithmetic, Proceedings of the 18th
LPAR, Merida, 2012,
pp. 406-419, LNAI
7180, © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (306 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz: Fingerprint
Indexing for Paramodulation and Rewriting, Proceedings of the
6th
IJCAR, Manchester, 2012,
pp. 477-483, LNAI
7364, © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (306 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz: Simple and
Efficient Clause Subsumption with Feature Vector Indexing,
In Maria Paola Bonacina and Mark E. Stickel, Automated
Reasoning and Mathematics: Essays in Memory of William
W. McCune, 2013,
pp. 45-673, LNAI
7788, © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (419 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Daniel Kühlwein, Stephan
Schulz, and Josef Urban : E-MaLeS 1.1, Proceedings
of the 24th CADE, Lake Placid, 2013
pp. 407-413, LNCS
7898 © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (219 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz: System
Description: E 1.8, Proceedings of the 19th LPAR,
Stellenbosch, 2013,
pp. 477-483, LNCS
8312 © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (339 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz and Geoff
Sutcliffe: Proof Generation for Saturating
First-Order Theorem Provers. In David Delahaye and
Bruno Woltzenlogel Paleo, All about Proofs,
Proofs for All, volume 55 of Mathematical Logic
and Foundations, pages 45–61, College Publications,
2015
- Abstract
- The full paper (3.5 MB PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Cezary Kaliszyk, Stephan
Schulz, Josef Urban, Jiří Vyskočil: System description:
ET 0.1, Proc. CADE-25, Berlin, 2015,
pp. 389-398, LNCS
9195 © Springer Verlag.
- Abstract
- The full paper (370 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Simon Schäfer and Stephan
Schulz: Breeding Theorem Proving Heuristics with Genetic
Algorithms, Proceedings of the First GCAI, Tibilisi, 2015,
EPiC.
- Abstract
- The full paper (488 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz and Martin
Möhrmann: Performance of clause selection heuristics for
saturation-based theorem proving, Proceedings of the 8th
IJCAR, Coimbra, volume 9706 of LNAI. Springer, 2016.
- Abstract
- The full paper (457 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz, Geoff Sutcliffe, Josef Urban
and Adam Pease: Detecting Inconsistencies in Large First-Order
Knowledge Bases, Proceedings of the 26th
CADE, Gothenburg, volume 10395 of LNAI. Springer, 2017.
- Abstract
- The full paper (457 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan
Schulz: Light-Weight Integration of SAT Solving into
First-Order Reasoners -- First
Experiments, Proceedings
of the 4th Vampire Workshop , Gothenburg, volume 53 of
EPiC Series in Computing, 2018.
- Abstract
- The full paper (347 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Zarathustra Goertzel, Jan
Jakubův, Stephan Schulz, and Josef Urban: ProofWatch:
Watchlist Guidance for Large Theories in E,
Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Interactive Theorem
Proving, Oxford, volume 10895 of LNCS. Springer, 2018.
- Abstract
- The full paper (375 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Petar Vukmirovic, Jasmin
Christian Blanchette, Simon Cruanes, Stephan
Schulz: Extending a Brainiac Prover to Lambda-Free
Higher-Order Logic, Proceedings of the 25th Conference
on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of
Systems (TACAS-19). Volume 11427 of LNCS. Springer, 2019.
- Abstract
- The full paper (460 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz, Simon Cruanes,
Petar Vukmirovic: Faster, Higher, Stronger: E 2.3,
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Automated Deduction
(CADE'19). Volume 11716 of LNAI. Springer, 2019.
- Abstract
- The full paper (380 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz, Adam
Pease: Teaching Automated Theorem Proving by Example:
PyRes 1.2 (system description),
Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on
Automated Reasoning (IJCAR'20). Volume 12167 of LNAI. Springer, 2020.
- Abstract
- The full paper (236 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Nahku Saidy, Hanna Siegfried,
Stephan Schulz, Geoff Sutcliffe: Cutting down the TPTP
language (and others), Joint Proceedings of the 7th
Workshop on Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning (PAAR)
and the 5th Satisfiability Checking and Symbolic Computation
Workshop (SC-Square) Workshop, 2020 , CEUR
Workshop Proceedings 2752.
- Abstract
- The full paper (380 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Constantin Ruhdorfer, Stephan
Schulz: Efficient Implementation of Large-Scale
Watchlists, Joint Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on
Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning (PAAR) and the 5th
Satisfiability Checking and Symbolic Computation Workshop
(SC-Square) Workshop,
2020, CEUR Workshop
Proceedings 2752.
- Abstract
- The full paper (730 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Petar Vukmirovic, Jasmin
Christian Blanchette, Simon Cruanes, Stephan
Schulz: Extending a Brainiac Prover to Lambda-Free
Higher-Order Logic, International Journal on Software
Tools for Technology Transfer,
2021, DOI
10.1007/s10009-021-00639-7
- Abstract
- The full paper (468 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan Schulz: Empirical Properties of Term Orderings for Superposition, Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on
Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning, Haifa, Israel,
2022, CEUR Workshop
Proceedings 3201.
- Abstract
- The full paper (1004kBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Petar Vukmirovic, Jasmin
Christian Blanchette, Stephan Schulz: Extending a
High-Performance Prover to Higher-Order Logic,
Proceedings
of the 29th Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the
Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS-23), Paris,
France, Volume 13994 of LNCS. Springer, 2023.
- Abstract
- The full paper (511kBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Jan Jakubuv, Karel
Chvalovsky, Zarathustra Goertzel, Cezary Kaliszyk, Mirek
Olsak, Bartosz Piotrowski, Stephan Schulz, Martin Suda, and
Josef Urban: MizAR 60 for Mizar 50,
Proceedings
of the 15th Conference on Interactive Theorem Proving
(ITP-23), Białystok, Poland, Volume 268 of LIPIcs. Schloss Dagstuhl, 2023.
- Abstract
- The full paper (860kBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Stephan
Schulz: Lazy and Eager Patterns in High-Performance
Automated Theorem
Proving,
Proceedings
of the 7th and 8th Vampire Workshop, Rome and Nancy, volume 99 of
EPiC Series in Computing, 2024.
- Abstract
- The full paper (347 KBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
Edited Proceedings
- Hans de Nivelle; Stephan Schulz (editors):
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop
on the Implementation of Logics. MPI-Preprint
MPI-I-2001-2-006, Max-Planck-Instituts für
Informatik Saarbrücken, 2001.
- Abstract
- The full report (371 Kbytes gzipped PostScript)
- BibTeX Entry
- Boris Konev and Stephan Schulz (editors): Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on the Implementation of Logics, Technical Report of the University of Liverpool, 2005.
- Rudnicki, P. and Sutcliffe, G. and Konev, B. and Schmidt,
R. and Schulz, S. (editors): Proceedings of the LPAR Workshops:
Knowledge Exchange: Automated Provers and Proof Assistants, and
The 7th International Workshop on the Implementation of
Logics, 2008
- Abstract
- The full report (2.3 MBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Geoff Sutcliffe, Eugenia Ternovska and Stephan Schulz
(editors): Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop
on the Implementation of Logics, 2010.
- The proceedings (6.3 MBytes PDF)
- BibTeX Entry
- Konstantin Korovin, Stephan Schulz and Eugenia Ternovska: (editors): Proceedings of the the 9th International Workshop on the Implementation of Logics, 2012
- Boris Konev, Stephan Schulz and Laurent Simon: (editors): Proceedings of the the 11th International Workshop on the Implementation of Logics, 2015
- Didier Galmiche, Stephan Schulz and Roberto Sebastiani:
(editors): Proceedings
of the the 9th International Joint Conference on Automated
Reasoning, LNAI 10900, Springer, 2018
- The Proceedings at Springer.
- I have co-edited most of the proceedings of
the Empirically
Successful Topics in Automated Reasoning series of
workshops. Links to the publications are on
the series
page.
- Proceedings of the 2004 Workshop on Empirically Successful First Order Reasoning (with Geoff Sutcliffe and Tanel Tammed)
- Proceedings of the 2005 Workshop on Empirically Successful Classical Automated Reasoning (with Geoff Sutcliffe and Bernd Fischer)
- Proceedings of the 2006 Workshop on Empirically Successful Computerized Reasoning (with Geoff Sutcliffe and Renate Schmidt)
- Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Empirically Successful Automated Reasoning in Large Theories (with Geoff Sutcliffe and Josef Urban)
- Proceedings of the 2008 Workshop on Empirically Successful Automated Reasoning for Mathematics (with Geoff Sutcliffe and Simon Colton)
- I have co-edited many of the the proceedings of the IJCAR
workshop series on
the Practical
Aspects of Automated Reasoning (PAAR). Links to the
publications are on
the series
page.
- Proceedings of the First Workshop on Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning, associated with the 4th IJCAR, Sydney, Australia, 2008 (with Boris Konev and Renate Schmidt)
- Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning, associated with FLoC 2010 and the 5th IJCAR, Edinburgh, UK, 2010 (with Boris Konev and Renate Schmidt)
- Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning, associated with the 6th IJCAR, Manchester, UK, 2012 (with Pascal Fontaine and Renate Schmidt)
- Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning, associated with the 7th IJCAR as part of the Vienna Summer of Logic, Vienna, Austria, 2014 (with Leonardo de Moura and Boris Konev)
- Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Practical Aspects of Automated Reasoning, associated with the 7th IJCAR, Coimbra, Portugal, 2016 (with Pascal Fontaine and Josef Urban)
Presentations
I only make presentations availabe for major talks, and only if there is no associated paper. If you want any of my other presentations, feel free to ask (but I suggest you read the paper instead). In general, my newer slide sets are designed to complement the talk, not as stand-alone documents.Older presentations are prepared using pdflatex and some modified style files originally borrowed from Matt Welsh, newer ones use a Frankenstein mixture of LaTeX Beamer and Apple's Keynote.
- Schulz, S: How and Why E Works
-- or -- Hand-Optimized Z80 Assembly Code. Presentation at the
invited Reunion
Workshop on the Implementation of Logic,
Reunion Island, 2000.
- Presentation (108 KBytes PDF). I've re-typeset this presentation in PDF, so there may be minor changes compared to the original talk.
- Schulz, S: Simplicity, Measuring, and Good Engineering - One Way to Build a World Class Automated Deduction System. Invited talk at the 4th International Workshop on the Implementation of Logics, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2003
- Schulz, S: Implementation of First-Order Theorem Provers. Lecture, Summer School 2009: Verification Technology, Systems & Applications, Nancy, France, 2009
- Schulz, S: Fingerprint Indexing for Paramodulation. Deduktionstreffen 2010, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Schulz, S: Where, What, and How? Lessons from the Evolution of E. Invited talk at the 19th LPAR, 2013, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Schulz, S: Implementation of Saturating Theorem Provers. Lecture, International Summer School on Satisfiability, Satisfiability Modulo Theories, and Automated Reasoning, Manchester, UK, 2018